How the Chicago International Livestock Exposition leveraged the eugenics movement to transform animals into machines and industrialize American agriculture.In 1900 the Chicago International Livestock Exposition became the epicenter of agricultural reform that focused on reinventing animals bodies to fit a modern industrial design. Chicago meatpackers partnered with landgrant university professors to create the Internationala spectacle on the scale of a worlds fairwith the intention of setting the standard for animal quality and in doing so transformed American agriculture.In Making Machines of Animals Neal A. Knapp explains the motivations of both the meatpackers and the professors describing how they deployed the International to redefine animality itself. Both professors and packers hoped to replace socalled scrub livestock with improved animals and created a new taxonomy of animal quality based on the burgeoning eugenics movement. The International created novel definitions of animal superiority and codified new norms resulting in a dramatic shift in animal weight body size and market age. These changes transformed the animals from multipurpose to singlepurpose products. These standardized animals and their dependence on offthefarm inputs and exchanges limited farmers choices regarding husbandry and marketing ultimately undermining any goals for balanced farming or the maintenance and regeneration of soil fertility.Drawing on landgrant university research and publications meatpacker records and propaganda and newspaper and agricultural journal articles Knapp critiques the supposed marketoriented efficiencydriven industrial reforms proffered by the International which were underpinned by irrational racist ideologies. The livestock reform movement not only resulted in cruel and violent outcomes for animals but also led to twentiethcentury crops and animal husbandry that were rife with inefficiencies and agricultural vulnerabilities.